Bernstein, Jeremy. Oppenheimer: Portrait of an enigma. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004.

Cassidy, David. J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pi Press, 2004 (available September).

Chevalier, Haakon. Oppenheimer; the story of a friendship. New York: Braziller, 1965.

Davis, Nuel Pharr. Lawrence and Oppenheimer. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968.

Else, Jon, David Webb Peoples, Janet Peoples, Pyramid Films & Video, KTEH-TV. The day after trinity, J. Robert Oppenheimer & the atomic bomb. San Jose: Pyramid Film & Video, 1981.

Goodchild, Peter. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of worlds. London: British Broadcasting Corp., 1980.

Herken, Gregg. Brotherhood of the bomb: The tangled lives and loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2002.

Holloway, Rachel L. In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Politics, rhetoric, and self-defense. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993.

Kunetka, James W. Oppenheimer, the years of risk. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982.

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, Alice Kimball Smith, and Charles Weiner. Robert Oppenheimer, letters and recollections. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Polenberg, Richard. In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The security clearance hearing. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.

Rhodes, Richard. The making of the atomic bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

Schweber, S. S. In the shadow of the bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the moral responsibility of the scientist. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.

York, Herbert F. The advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the superbomb. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976.

Articles and Essays

Bernstein, Barton. "The Oppenheimer loyalty-security case reconsidered." Stanford law review 42 (1990): 1383-1484.

Day, Michael A. "Oppenheimer on the nature of science." Centaurus 43 (2001): 73-112.

Galison, Peter, and Barton Bernstein. "In any light: Scientists and the decision to build the Superbomb, 1952-54." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences 19 (1989): 266-347.

Hijiya, James A. "The Gita of J. Robert Oppenheimer." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 144 (2000): 123-167.

Holton, Gerald. "'Success sanctifies the means': Heisenberg, Oppenheimer, and the transition to modern physics." In The advancement of science, and its burdens, 141-162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Schweber, Silvan S. "J. Robert Oppenheimer: Proteus unbound." Science in context 16 (2003): 219-242.

Taylor, Brian C. "The politics of the nuclear text: Reading Robert Oppenheimer’s Letters and recollections." Quarterly journal of speech 78 (1992): 429-449.

Thorpe, Charles Robert. "Disciplining experts: Scientific authority and liberal democracy in the Oppenheimer case." Social studies of science 32 (2002): 525-562.

Thorpe, Charles, and Steven Shapin. "Who was J. Robert Oppenheimer? Charisma and complex organization." Social studies of science 30 (2000): 545-590.

Further Reading

Badash, Lawrence. "Science and McCarthyism." Minerva 38 (2000): 53-80.

Badash, Lawrence, Joseph O. Hirschfelder, and Herbert P. Broida, ed. Reminiscences of Los Alamos, 1943-1945. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1980.

Butler, Loren. "Robert S. Mulliken and the politics of science and scientists, 1939-1946." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences 25:1 (1994): 25-45.

Cassidy, David C. "Cosmic ray showers, high energy physics, and quantum field theories: Programmatic interactions in the 1930s." Historical studies in the physical sciences 12:1 (1981): 1-39.

Heilbron, J.L., and Robert W. Seidel. Lawrence and his laboratory: A history of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Hershberg, James. James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.

Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr. The new world: A history of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, v. 1, 1939-1946. Berkeley: University of California, 1990.

Hoddeson, Lillian, Paul W. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade, and Catherine Westfall. Critical assembly: A technical history of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer years, 1943-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Hodes, Elizabeth. "Precedents for social responsibility among scientists: The American Association of Scientific Workers and the Federation of American Scientists, 1938-1948." Ph.D. dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1982.

Kaiser, David. "Cold War requisitions, scientific manpower, and the production of American physicists after World War II." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences 33:1 (2002): 131-159.

Kevles, Daniel J. The physicists: The history of a scientific community in modern America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977, 1995.

Kojevnikov, Alexei. "David Bohm and collective movement." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences 33:1 (2002): 161-192.

Kuznick, Peter J. Beyond the laboratory: Scientists as political activists in 1930s America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Norris, Robert S. Racing for the bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project’s indispensable man. South Royalton, VT: Steerforth, 2002.

Olwell, Russell. "Physical isolation and marginalization in physics: David Bohm's Cold War exile." Isis 90 (1999): 738-756.

Rudolph, John L. Scientists in the classroom: The Cold War reconstruction of American science education. New York: Palgrave, 2002.

Schweber, S.S. "The empiricist temper regnant: Theoretical physics in the United States 1920-1950." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences 17:1 (1986): 55-98.

Serber, Robert. The Los Alamos primer: The first lectures on how to build an atomic bomb. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Sherwin, Martin J. A world destroyed: Hiroshima and its legacies, 3rd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.

Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic energy for military purposes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945.

Taylor, Brian C. "Organizing the ‘unknown subject’: Los Alamos, espionage, and the politics of biography." Quarterly journal of speech 88 (2002): 33-49.

Walters, Ronald G., ed. Scientific authority and twentieth-century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Wang, Jessica. American science in an age of anxiety: Scientists, anticommunism, and the Cold War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Wang, Jessica. "Scientists and the problem of the public in Cold War America, 1945-1960." Osiris 17, Science and civil society, ed. Lynn K. Nyhart and Thomas H. Broman, 323-347. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Weart, Spencer. Nuclear fear: A history of images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Westwick, Peter. 2003. The national labs: Science in an American system, 1947-1974. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.